Programming Fairness in Algorithms
Machine learning fairness is a young subfield of machine learning that has
been growing in popularity over the last few years in response to the rapid
integration of machine learning into social realms. Computer scientists,
unlike doctors, are not necessarily trained to consider the ethical
implications of their actions. It is only relatively recently (one could argue
since the advent of social media) that the designs or inventions of computer
scientists were able to take on an ethical dimension. This is demonstrated in
the fact that most computer science journals do not require ethical statements
or considerations for submitted manuscripts. If you take an image database
full of millions of images of real people, this can without a doubt have
ethical implications. By virtue of physical distance and the size of the
dataset, computer scientists are so far removed from the data subjects that
the implications on any one individual may be perceived as negligible and thus
disregarded. In contrast, if a sociologist or psychologist performs a test on
a small group of individuals, an entire ethical review board is set up to
review and approve the experiment to ensure it does not transgress across any
ethical boundaries.
This Algorithm Doesn't Replace Doctors—It Makes Them Better
Operators of paint shops, warehouses, and call centers have reached the same
conclusion. Rather than replace humans, they employ machines alongside people,
to make them more efficient. The reasons stem not just from sentimentality but
because many everyday tasks are too complex for existing technology to handle
alone. With that in mind, the dermatology researchers tested three ways
doctors could get help from an image analysis algorithm that outperformed
humans at diagnosing skin lesions. They trained the system with thousands of
images of seven types of skin lesion labeled by dermatologists, including
malignant melanomas and benign moles. One design for putting that algorithm’s
power into a doctor’s hands showed a list of diagnoses ranked by probability
when the doctor examined a new image of a skin lesion. Another displayed only
a probability that the lesion was malignant, closer to the vision of a system
that might replace a doctor. A third retrieved previously diagnosed images
that the algorithm judged to be similar, to provide the doctor some reference
points.
Redefining Leadership In The Age Of Artificial Intelligence
Intelligent behaviour has long been considered a uniquely human attribute. But
when computer science and IT networks started evolving, artificial
intelligence and people who stood by them were on the spotlight. AI in today’s
world is both developing and under control. Without a transformation here, AI
will never fully deliver the problems and dilemmas of business only with data
and algorithms. Wise leaders do not only create and capture vital economic
values, rather build a more sustainable and legitimate organisation. Leaders
in AI sectors have eyes to see AI decisions and ears to hear employees
perspective. A futuristic AI leader plans to work not just for now but also
for the years ahead. A company’s development in AI involves automating
business processes using robotic technologies, gaining insight through data
analysis and enhancement, cost-effective predictions based on algorithms and
engagement with employees through natural language processing chatbots,
intelligent agents and machine learning. Without a far-sighted leader,
bringing all this to reality will be merely impossible.
Blockchain: En Route to the Global Supply Chain
In the context of a large-scale shipping operation, for instance, there may be
thousands of containers filled with millions of packages or assets. Using a
system that can track every asset with full certainty, any concerns can be
eliminated about whether the items are where they are supposed to be, or if
anything is missing. As blockchain expands, so too will the data it records,
which in turn increases trust. By ensuring via this secured digital ledger
that an asset has moved from a warehouse to a lorry on a Thursday afternoon,
more data can then be added. For example, it can show that the asset moved
from a specific shelf in a warehouse on a specific street and was moved by a
specific truck operated by a specific driver. Securing the location data with
full trust provides assurance that things are happening correctly and means
that financial transactions can be made with more confidence. Layering mapping
capabilities and rich location data to a blockchain record also enables fraud
detection. Without blockchain, it cannot be certain that the delivery updates
provided are in fact accurate. Blockchain makes transactions transparent and
decentralised, enabling the possibility to automatically verify their accuracy
by matching the real location of an item with the location report from a
logistics company.
A closer look at Microsoft Azure Arc
At Ignite, Microsoft provided its answer on how Azure Arc brings cloud control
on premises. The cornerstone of Azure Arc is Azure Resource Manager, the nerve
center that is used for creating, updating, and deleting resources in your
Azure account. That encompasses allocating compute and storage to specific
workloads and then monitoring performance, policy compliance, updates and
patches, security status, and so on. You can also fire up and access Azure
Resource Manager through several paths ranging from the Azure Portal to APIs
or command line interface (CLI). It provides a single pane of glass for
indicating when specific servers are out of compliance; specific VMs are
insecure; or certificates or specific patches are out of date – and it can
then show recommended remedial actions for IT and development teams to take.
While it requires at least some connection to the Azure Public Cloud, it can
run offline when the network drops. Microsoft has built a lot of flexibility
as to the environments that Azure Arc governs. It can be used for controlling
bare metal environments as well as virtual machines running on any private or
public cloud, SQL Server, or Kubernetes (K8s) clusters.
Why haven’t we ‘solved’ cybersecurity?
Cybersecurity-related incentives are misaligned and often perverse. If you had
a real chance to become a millionaire or even a billionaire by ignoring
security and a much smaller chance if you slowly baked in security, which path
would you choose? We also fail to account for, and sometimes flat out ignore,
the unintended consequences and harmful effects of the innovative technology
and ideas we create. Who would have thought that a 2003 social media app,
built in a dorm room, would later help topple governments and make the creator
one of the richest people in the world? Cybersecurity companies and individual
experts face the difficult challenge of balancing personal gain versus the
greater good. If you develop a new offensive tool or discover a new
vulnerability, should you keep it secret or make a name for yourself through
disclosure? Concerns over liability and competitive advantage inhibit the
sharing of best practices and threat information that could benefit the larger
business ecosystem. Data has become the coin of the realm in the modern age.
Data collection is central to many business models, from mature multi-national
companies to new start-ups. Have a data blind spot?
Top Technologies To Achieve Security And Privacy Of Sensitive Data In AI Models
Differential privacy is a technique for sharing knowledge or analytics about a
dataset by drawing the patterns of groups within the dataset and at the same
time reserving sensitive information concerning individuals in the dataset.
The concept behind differential privacy is that if the effect of producing an
arbitrary single change in the database is small enough, the query result
cannot be utilised to infer much about any single person, and hence provides
privacy. Another way to explain differential privacy is that it is a
constraint on the algorithms applied to distribute aggregate information on a
statistical database, which restricts the exposure of individual information
of database entries. Fundamentally, differential privacy works by adding
enough random noise to data so that there are mathematical guarantees of
individuals’ protection from reidentification. This helps in generating the
results of data analysis which are the same whether or not a particular
individual is included in the data. Facebook has utilised the technique
to protect sensitive data it made available to researchers analysing the
effect of sharing misinformation on elections. Uber employs differential
privacy to detect statistical trends in its user base without exposing
personal information.
Getting Started with Mesh Shaders in Diligent Engine
Originally, hardware was only capable of performing a fixed set of operations
on input vertices. An application was only able to set different
transformation matrices (such as world, camera, projection, etc.) and instruct
the hardware how to transform input vertices with these matrices. This was
very limiting in what an application could do with vertices, so to generalize
the stage, vertex shaders were introduced. Vertex shaders were a huge
improvement over fixed-function vertex transform stage because now developers
were free to implement any vertex process algorithm. There was however a big
limitation - a vertex shader takes exactly one vertex as input and produces
exactly one vertex as output. Implementing more complex algorithms that would
require processing entire primitives or generate them entirely on the GPU was
not possible. This is where geometry shaders were introduced, which was an
optional stage after the vertex shaders. Geometry shader takes the whole
primitive as an input and may output zero, one or more primitives.
Need for data management frameworks opens channel opportunities
Today's huge influx of data is resulting in multiple inefficiencies, according
to Mike Sprunger, senior manager of cloud and network security at Insight
Enterprises, a global technology solution provider. He cited the example of an
employee who generates a spreadsheet and shares it with half a dozen
co-workers, who then send the spreadsheet to half a dozen others. The 1 MB
file morphs into 36 MBs, and when that information is backed up, data volumes
double again. As cloud and flash technologies lowered storage pricing
dramatically, many companies simply added more storage capacity as data
demands grew. While companies stored more, they purged less. Furthermore,
industry and government rules and guidelines for maintaining data have been
evolving. So it can be unclear how to meet regulatory requirements, Sprunger
noted, and decide what data can go and what must be kept. Compounding the
challenge, communication between IT and business units is often mediocre or
nonexistent. So neither group understands the business requirements or the
technical possibilities of deleting outdated data, he added.
RASP 101: Staying Safe With Runtime Application Self-Protection
Feiman says solutions like RASP and WAF have emerged from "desperation" to
protect application data but are insufficient. The market needs a technology
that is focused on detection rather than prevention. Indeed, in an effort to
address the problems with RASP, he and his team at WhiteHat are in the process
of beta testing an application security technology that performs app testing
without instrumentation. As far as existing RASP technologies go, it's
unlikely they'll stick around in their current form. Rather than an
independent technology, Feiman believes RASP will ultimately get absorbed into
application runtime platforms like the Amazon AWS and Microsoft Azure cloud
platforms. This could happen through a combination of acquisitions and
companies like AWS building their own lightweight RASP capabilities into their
technologies. "The idea will stay, the market hardly will," says
Feiman. On that, Sqreen's Aviat disagrees, saying RASP is "indeed a
standalone technology." "I expect RASP to become a crucial element of any
application security strategy, just like WAF or SCA is today – in fact, RASP
is already referenced by NIST as critical to lowering your application
security risk," he said.
Quote for the day:
"The leader has to be practical and a realist, yet must talk the language of the visionary and the idealist." -- Eric Hoffer
